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Humanistic and Cognitive Theories
My closest friends are like family, and always treat my with respect. Having positive people around you keeps your positive. Everyone has down days, whether it’s frequent or not it still sucks, and your family is their to keep you going. I’ve been staying positive and have been happy lately, and mostly in a upbeat mood. Whenever i’m down, finding an outlet to control your emotions is the best way for me. Me personally, I like to go on bike rides. Being out of the trails, and it being just me, nature, and sometimes friends makes me forget about whatever difficulties I may be facing. For others, music or creative writing may be their fix, but whatever it may be helps people get through their down days. 1) What are the criticisms of the 4 theories of intelligence?
The two-factor theory of intelligence is argued as some argue that a person’s intelligence can’t only be measured in two parts. There are more than just school smarts that define a persons intelligence. The factors in this theory do not measure other skills, such as motor skills, or someone’s creative abilities. Thurstone's theory of intelligence contradicts the two-factor theory of intelligence as he concluded that there was no evidence of general intelligence. Some criticize this approach due to the fact that they believed that there is indeed a “general intelligence” factor. Both Sternberg and Gardner’s theories are criticized as they make it difficult to measure intelligence as they both have so many parts. 2) What issues are at the heart of intelligence testing? Psychologists do not agree on the meaning of the word “intelligence”. Throughout time there have been many theories of intelligence, and each of them claim different things. So measuring something that is not still yet fully understood makes for quite a controversial topic. Both genetic, and environmental differences can have effects on the results of intelligence testing. Social stature may also be a difference maker, as the vocabulary may not suit either party. 3) What did studies of twins show about genes and intelligence? The studies of twins demonstrate that both heredity and environment have an impact on intelligence. Dr. Tom Bouchard believes that 70% of IQ variance can be attributed to genes. However, other psychologists believe that it is closer to 52%. 4) What might cause cultural bias on an intelligence test? A major controversy in intelligence testing is regarding cultural bias. Some wording used on these test may advantage one group more than another. An example is an ESL (English second language) student who is taking an English exam may struggle understanding complex english, and that would affect their overall mark. 5) In your opinion, what are indicators of intelligence? Explain. I think that someone that is logical and can understand people, is much more intelligent that someone who gets 90% in a Calculus course. Understand how the world works is much more effective than being a genius when it comes to the books.
- Imaginationland, when Joy, Sadness, and Riley’s imaginary friend Big Bong are making their way make to Head Quarters, they pass through a place known as imagination land. In 2013, scientists put subjects inside an MRI scanner to see which parts of their brains lit up during imagination. Several key structures seemed to be involved, but ultimately the research hit the same dead end that a lot of imagination research hits (Karolinska Institutet, 2013). We just don’t know how we do it. Psychology just doesn’t know how it work well enough to display it so well.
2) In Inside Out, each memory is a glowing orb whose colours match the movie's five emotions: yellow for joy, blue for sadness, red for anger, purple for fear, and green for disgust. In reality, as well in the film, memories are not limited to just one emotion, as seen near the end of the film, one of Riley’s core memories from Minnesota contains both Sadness and Joy. This combination, when not named in the movie creates Sentimental feelings, or Nostalgia. 3) The 3 theories of emotion are as followed,
I feel the cognitive component is the best portrayed in the film. All the emotions have a “Say” in what specific emotion Riley is feeling, which then leads to what emotion Riley expresses. 1. The authors applied the scientific method by first asking a question, after they proceeded to gather information on the subject. After enough information was gathered, they constructed a hypothesis which they then tested by performing two different experiments. They then analyzed the data and compared the results. Finally, they brought together all the information gathered and composed a hypothesis.
2. The process of this study is very similar to others, in the fact that in this experiment they followed the scientific method, and had the ability to compare two different experiments from one another. 3. After reading this article, I came to understand that scientific experiments can come in all shapes and sizes. I would have never have thought that a study involving memory would have been taken place underwater. 4. The biggest challenge when trying to read long scientific experiments is trying to keep your mind focused on the article and not getting distracted. I found in this article, there were many words that I did not understand, and had to research into more depth to find the meanings. Reading this is a louder, school environment also makes for a challenge. Until recent times, how well a student attending school was thought to be directly related to one's intelligence, meaning if a student was not learning well in a classroom they were considered to be slow. However, in more recent studies it shows that how well a student learns is not solely based on their intelligence, rather their awareness of their thinking and how well they are learning. This is known as their metacognition, and therefore if a student is struggling to learn, it is because they lack in self regulation and self motivation. A main concept of this method of learning is something that a person does themselves, rather than having someone teach it to them. A good way to achieve and succeed in this method is to plan out and set goals for yourself. If students set goals and follow the three phases - Forethought, Performance, and Self-reflection - they will be able to learn most things, within time (Zimmerman, 2002).
The three phases of self-regulation each compliment each other, and to be successful in learning something using self regulation, the learner must go through all three. Forethought, Performance, and Self Reflection are all three of the phases needed during self regulated learning. The first phase, forethought, is what occurs before the learning, the task analysis and self-motivational beliefs, including setting goals and planning, the learner is thinking about what they are hoping to learn. An example can be “I want to get proper braking technique when riding my bike down a certain obstacle by the end of the week”. So every day you go riding and practise your techniques and by the end of the week, you will have success. The next phase, Performance, is the processes that occur when the student is actually learning the subject, self-control and self-observation, which include using the processes to succeed that were selected in the forethought phase. This allows the student to stay focused on the task at hand. Along with this, self - observation is key during the performance stage. An example is professional athletes watching game film in order to spot mistakes made, and use this new knowledge to perform better in the next game, and every game going forward. The third and final phase is the Self-Regulation phase. The Self-Reflection phase is what the learner does after the period of learning, including self-judgement and self-reaction. The learner will look at how effective their methods to learn were, how well and how much they learned, and what factors lead to their success. The learner will also reflect on their satisfaction of how well they have learned, which can lead to both defensive and adaptive reactions. Defensive reactions cause the learner to stop wanting to learn, whereas adaptive learning will allow the learner to seek out ways in which they might learn better. These reactions are essential to making the learner want to learn more, think of this as being your own critic, and telling yourself where you succeed, and where you need improvement. If a learner follows the three phases above properly, they will have an adaptive reaction and will want to learn more in the future (Zimmerman, 2002). Research question: What behaviour would individuals exhibit when placed into roles of either prisoner or prison guard?
Hypothesis: Prisoners would experience conflicts, and start to rebel authority. Dependent variable: Behaviour of the participants. Independent variable: The roles that the participants played. Results: Participants placed in the role of prison guard had abused their control over the prisoners. The tasks in which they had shown, like verbal and physical abuse, they believed they never could have done such things to the prisoners. Participants placed in the role of prisoner were completely distressed by the end of this experiment, proving Zimbardo’s hypothesis to be correct. They had experienced depression, emotional disturbances and learned helplessness throughout these five days. Both groups of participants had completely submerged themselves into their roles. This experiment had led to long lasting traumatic effects on both the prisoners and guards. Most of the subjects had very little knowledge of what was real, and what was considered to be the simulation. They were also unaware of their ability to leave, and never once did they try to escape. This caused emotional disturbance in the prisoners, and the guards had an anger towards the prisoners that before this experiments was non existent. The role that the people had to play violated the CPA and APA code of conduct. The CPA violates codes 1) Respect for the dignity of persons and 2) Responsible caring, and for the APA this experiment violates codes 1) Doing no harm, 4) Being just, 5) Being faithful, 6) According dignity and 7) Treating others with caring and compassion. It was horrifying to watch and learn about this experiment during class time, and I was shocked at how these innocent college students acted while inside of a mock prison.I do believe that the environment and role choice made by Zimbardo had a great impact on the results due to the stigma based on this scenario Overall I believe this experiment was unfair to all of the participants, and Zimbardo should have considered ethics when conducting this experiment. |
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June 2018
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